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| Publication Type:
| Report |
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| Author(s): | Callahan, L. M.;
Freeland, R. S.;
Von Bernuth, R. D.;
Shepard, D. P.;
Parham, J. M.;
Garrison, J. M. |
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| Author Affiliation: | Callahan, Shepard, Parham, and Garrison: Ornamental Horticulture; Freeland and Von Bernuth: Agricultural Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN |
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| Title: | Particle migration and condition of separation layers |
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| Article Series: | Geotextiles as substitutes for choke layer sand in USGA greens, part 2 |
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| Source: | 1996 Turfgrass Management Annual Research Summary Report [Tennessee]. December 1996, p. 35-46. |
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| Publishing Information: | Knoxville, Tennessee: Agricultural Experiment Station, The University of Tennessee |
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| # of Pages: | 12 |
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| Keywords: | TIC Keywords: Clay; Geotextile fabrics; Golf green construction; Intermediate sand layer; Particle migration; Silt; Soil water retention; USGA recommendations
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| Abstract/Contents: | "Considerable research has been conducted over the years in developing technology for constructing better golf greens. Many researchers support the need for an intermediate layer (choke layer) between the trootzone and sub-drain coarse aggregate in USGA specification greens. However, the need and reliability of the coarse sand choke layer presently used has been questioned. Investigations were initiated in 1987 at The University of Tennessee to determine the effectiveness and reliability of ten geotextiles as intermediate choke layer drainage separations between a USGA rootzone and a gravel sub-drain system. Perfomrance and reliability of geotextiles were compared to a USGA rootzone with a coarse sand choke layer and a no choke layer profile. All rootzones exhibited solution flow particle migration and loss of silt and clay. None of the geotextiles 'clogged.' During the process of particle migration within the rootzones, water retention (WR) values increased. However, eventually silt and clay, and other fine particulate material, 'flushed out' of the rootzones resulting in a more coarse Rootzone physical state and with a decrease in WR values. Large amounts of silt and clay, and some larger particulate materials, were found in the bottom of all 48 chambers during dismantling in Sept. 1994. The beginning (1987) level of silt and clay was 0.9% by weight. The amount of silt and clay found in the bottom of the chambers (1994) ranged from 2.90-5.34% by weight, although a large percentage had already been lost through the drain tubes over time. The largest percentage (5.34%) of silt and clay found in the bottom of the chambers occurred in the no choke layer treatment. The source of the excessive levels of silt and clay found in the bottom of the chambers was found to be wind blown dust onto the bentgrass sod which irrigation and rain moved into the rootzones. The geotextiles found to be in the best condition when chambers were dismantled in Sept. 1994 were treatments 7-10 (Terrabonds)." |
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| Language: | English |
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| References: | 16 |
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| See Also: | See also part 1 "Water infiltration rates and water retention" 1996 Turfgrass Management Annual Research Summary Report [Tennessee], December 1996, p. 24-34, R=251761. R=251761 |
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| Note: | Reprint appears in International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 8(Part 1) 1997 p. 75-86: Permission to link to a digitized version within this publication has been denied by R. S. Freeland
"Research Report 96-23"
Graphs |
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| ASA/CSSA/SSSA Citation (Crop Science-Like - may be incomplete):
Callahan, L. M., R. S. Freeland, R. D. Von Bernuth, D. P. Shepard, J. M. Parham, and J. M. Garrison. 1996. Particle migration and condition of separation layers. Turfgrass Manage. Annu. Res. Summ. Rep. p. 35-46. |
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