Full TGIF Record # 25977
Item 1 of 1
Publication Type:
i
Refereed
Author(s):Smith, J. S. C.
Author Affiliation:Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc, Iowa
Title:Plant breeders' rights in the USA; changing approaches and appropriate technologies in support of germplasm enhancement
Source:Plant Varieties and Seeds. Vol. 5, No. 3, December 1992, p. 183-199.
Publishing Information:Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications
# of Pages:17
Keywords:TIC Keywords: Plant Variety Protection Act; Breeding improvement; Costs; Germplasm; Technology; Varieties
Geographic Terms:USA
Abstract/Contents:"The USA Plant Varierty Protection Act (PVP) was introduced in 1970 and in that year the USA became a member of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). In the 21 years since the introduction of PVP, 2527 certificates of protection have been issued in 83 species. For the plant breeders there are problems and expense in providing the morphological descriptions of varieties required to achieve a grant of protection; a major problem is the occurrence of genotype x environment interactions. Laboratory-based procedures have a unique fingerprinting ability. Isozymic and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data are the most widely used but there is a need to standardize the protocols so that results from different laboratories and from the same laboratory in different years will be comparable. Other techniques are electrophoresis, chromatography and polymerase chain reaction. For practical implementation into variety description work it is important to use data which are generated reliably and from proven techniques. For protection to be meaningful it is necessary to measure the genetic distance between varieties whenever possible. Molecular marker data can be used to generate profiles for the determination of the degree of novelty between varieties. The 1991 UPOV Convention introduces the principle of 'essentially derived varieties'. The net result of employing the principle of independence will be improved protection and opportunities for plant breeding but with increased costs. In the USA plant breeders are tending to use utility patents as an alternative to PVP because the protection afforded is stronger. It is not the first choice of a plant breeding organization to expend resources on protection but increasingly this is being done in defence of germplasm security. Protection by Plant Breeders' Rights (PBR) supports the funding of private plant breeding. Innovative plant breeding that is responsive to the long-term needs that are mandated by the nature of biological systems can thereby be enabled to support agriculture and consequently society as a whole."
Language:English
References:50
Note:Pictures, b/w
Tables
ASA/CSSA/SSSA Citation (Crop Science-Like - may be incomplete):
Smith, J. S. C. 1992. Plant breeders' rights in the USA; changing approaches and appropriate technologies in support of germplasm enhancement. Plant Var. Seeds. 5(3):p. 183-199.
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