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| Web URL(s): | http://www.newss.org/proceedings/Proceedings_NEPPSC16_Vol1.pdf#page=175
Last checked: 03/15/2018
Requires: PDF Reader
Notes: Item is within a single large file |
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| Publication Type:
| Proceedings |
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| Content Type: | Abstract or Summary Only |
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| Author(s): | Askew, S. D.;
Rana, S. S.;
Brewer, J. R. |
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| Author Affiliation: | Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA |
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| Title: | Challenges associated with measuring the influence of greens canopy anomalies on ball roll consistency |
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| Section: | Turf and ornamentals
Other records with the "Turf and ornamentals" Section
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| Meeting Info.: | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: January 3-7, 2016 |
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| Source: | Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference. 2016, p. 149-150. |
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| Publishing Information: | s.l.: Northeastern Weed Science Society; the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America; the Northeastern Division of the American Phytopathological Society; the Northeast Branch of the American Society of Agronomy; the Crop Science Society of America; the Soil Science Society of America; and the American Society of Horticultural Science-Northeast Region |
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| # of Pages: | 2 |
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| Keywords: | TIC Keywords: Ball roll distance; Evaluative methods; Golf balls; Golf green surface; Measurement
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| Abstract/Contents: | "Although the sole intent of putting a golf ball across a green is directionally driven, no peer-reviewed research has investigated surface factors that influence ball direction on greens. Greens surface anomalies, like annual bluegrass (Poa annua), have long been reputed to impact ball roll direction and many golfers blame these factors for missed putts. So why the lack of scientific evidence? After two years of research and rolling over 10,000 golf balls in the laboratory and on several Virginia golf courses, we have come to realize that several sources of error must be minimized in order to detect the subtle influence that surface anomalies have on ball roll direction. We have found these sources of error to severely limit the utility of commercially-available ball roll devices for the purpose of measuring the consistency of simulated golf putts. The first is ball center of gravity. Although off-center golf balls can roll erratically, we have found that 180 golf balls from 13 manufacturers representing popular brands and a range of dimple patterns were all near perfect center of gravity as assessed using the brinesolution method. The second error source is terminal deceleration. Golfers are typically trained to putt balls such that a missed putt will leave the ball 30 to 45 cm past the cup to avoid erratic ball movement that occurs when the ball's momentum can no longer overcome frictional forces. For ball dispersion measurements in the field, we overcame this problem by placing pressure-sensitive paper on a strike plate positioned 30 cm short of the total putt distance. The third source of error was ball roll legacy or "tracking" effects. On two creeping bentgrass greens mown at 3 mm, balls repeatedly rolled in the same direction tended to roll further in a curvilinear trend, reaching 20 to 30 cm more roll distance when preceded by just 3 balls. In addition, balls rolled repeatedly in the same direction tended to stay in the "track" formed by previous balls and had statistically less directional variation than when the canopy was brushed between each ball roll. The final error source was erratic ball direction during simulated putts. We selected three commercial ball roll devices [USGA Stimpmeter (USM); Greenstester (GT); and Pelz Meter (PM)] and three custom-made devices [Putt Robot (PR); Carpet Ramp (CR); and Flexible Ramp (FR)] to test ball roll consistency of 13 golf ball models from leading manufacturers. Dispersion was measured by rolling the balls at stimp distance (320 cm) over a synthetic carpet designed for outdoor putting greens, photographing the resting position of each ball, and determining the pixel coordinates of 150 the ball center using SigmaScan software. The PR and FR were the most consistent, having a directional skew resulting in a 16 and 17 mm deviation from the median ball resting position. The deviation caused by GT, USM, and PM was 32, 41, and 42 mm, respectively. Assessments with a high-speed camera suggest that ball oscillation is the likely cause of erratic ball direction from GT, USM, and PR. In field studies, we were able to use the PR while correcting for potential error sources and show that small patches of annual bluegrass will statistically decrease consistency of ball roll direction. We could not detect any influence of annual bluegrass on ball directional consistency when using the GT, presumably due to inherent error caused by the device." |
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| Language: | English |
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| References: | 0 |
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| Note: | This item is an abstract only! |
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| ASA/CSSA/SSSA Citation (Crop Science-Like - may be incomplete):
Askew, S. D., S. S. Rana, and J. R. Brewer. 2016. Challenges associated with measuring the influence of greens canopy anomalies on ball roll consistency. p. 149-150. In Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: January 3-7, 2016. s.l.: Northeastern Weed Science Society; the Eastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America; the Northeastern Division of the American Phytopathological Society; the Northeast Branch of the American Society of Agronomy; the Crop Science Society of America; the Soil Science Society of America; and the American Society of Horticultural Science-Northeast Region. |
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| Web URL(s):
http://www.newss.org/proceedings/Proceedings_NEPPSC16_Vol1.pdf#page=175
Last checked: 03/15/2018
Requires: PDF Reader
Notes: Item is within a single large file |
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