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| Publication Type:
| Report |
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| Author(s): | Gelernter, Wendy;
Stowell, Larry J. |
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| Author Affiliation: | Editors, PTRI 1998 Turfgrass Research Report |
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| Title: | 1997 turf insect monitoring study |
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| Section: | Insect management
Other records with the "Insect management" Section
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| Source: | PTRI 1998 Turfgrass Research Report. 1998, p. 48-56. |
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| Publishing Information: | San Diego, CA: PACE Turfgrass Research Institute |
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| # of Pages: | 9 |
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| Keywords: | TIC Keywords: Insects; Monitoring; Ataenius spretulus; Agrotis ipsilon; Insect control
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| Abstract/Contents: | "Beginning in 1994, insect populations on California golf courses have been monitored using black light traps. A total of 20 golf courses have been involved in this study, some participating for one year, and some participating for all four years. When the study was first initiated, there was little information available on which insects occurred on California golf courses, what type of damage they caused, when they occurred, and how to control them. With the completion of this fourth, and final year of the study, we now have strong data to support the following conclusions: The most serious insect pests of golf course turf in California are the black turfgrass ataenius, black cutworms and masked chafers. Damage from larval stages of these insects was worst between late June and September when insect populations were highest. During these summer months, turf is stressed and therefore less likely to overcome damage due to insect feeding on roots and foliage. For these reasons, management efforts that improve turf health (salinity monitoring, aerification, fertility, etc.) are the best defense against insect damage. Proper timing of insecticide applications (see below) is also critical for optimal insect management. While black turfgrass ataenius (BTA) adult and larvae (grubs) can be found on golf courses almost any month of the year, the first significant peak of adult activity does not occur before the second week of June in the Low Desert, and does not occur before the last week in June in the rest of California. The insect's damaging stage - the soil-dwelling larval grub - appears approximately 2 weeks after each adult peak. For this reason, preventive insecticide applications of products such as imidacloprid (Merit) and halofenozide (Mach 2: registration pending) should not be made earlier than mid-June (Low Desert) or late June (all other areas of California). Larvae of the black cutworm can be observed on golf course greens as soon as temperatures begin to warm up in April and May. However, the highest populations are usually seen in late summer/early Fall - August-October. Unlike masked chafers and the BTA, cutworms are best controlled on a curative basis, with applications timed after cutworm damage has been confirmed (see below). Effective products include chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Pageant), spinosad (Conserve) and halofenozide (Mach 2: registration pending). Larvae (grubs) of the masked chafer caused devastating damage to cool season greens (primarily in the low Desert) and fairways (throughout California) where they occurred, but their distribution was limited to fewer than 20% of the golf courses surveyed. For all four years of the study, peak adult activity consistently occurred during the second week of June (Low Desert) and between 6/23 and 7/7 at all other California locations. In the Low Desert, a second peak of activity occurred in late August/early September. Chafer grubs begin to appear approximately 2 weeks after these adult peaks. Because chafer grubs appear at approximately the same time as BTA grubs, preventive insecticide applications (Merit or Mach 2) made in June against BTA will control chafer grubs as well. Degree day models were developed based on black light trap data and weather data, in an attempt to better predict the timing of black turfgrass ataenius and masked chafer populations. The BTA model used a value of 680 degree days between BTA generations, with a minimum threshold of 50°F and a maximum threshold of 75°F, and predicted the appearance of BTA adult peaks with only rough accuracy. The masked chafer model utilized a value of 1861 degree days between January 1 and the first adult peak, with a minimum threshold of 50°F and a maximum threshold of 75°F, and again predicted the appearance of masked chafer adults with rough accuracy. In both cases, a more accurate prediction was obtained on the basis of a calendar approach that was developed based on our last four years of black light trapping data. A separate report on this topic is attached. Efficacy experiments conducted by the PACE Turfgrass Research Institute against black turfgrass ataenius, masked chafer and black cutworm larvae confirmed that there are several highly effective products available for control of these pests (see 1998 Annual Report or PACE-PTRI web page for detailed results). Good preventive control of BTA and chafers was demonstrated with both Merit and Mach 2 (registration pending), and good curative control of white grubs was demonstrated with Dylox (trichlorfon) and Orthene (acephate: registration pending). For cutworms, excellent curative control was observed with Dursban (chlorpyrifos) and Mach 2 (registration pending). The newly registered product Conserve (spinosad), although not tested by PTRI, has shown good efficacy in university trials. Based on the data above, an insect management program was developed and is described in detail below." |
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| Language: | English |
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| References: | 0 |
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| Note: | Cooperators: Douglas Anderson, The Vintage Club; Bruce Duenow, La Jolla Country Club; Bill Gallegos, Los Coyotes Country Club; Mike Gleason, Callaway Golf; Cal Hardin, The Club at Morningside; Jim Husting, Woodbridge Country Club; Mike Kocour, The Springs Club; Eric Lover, Dove Canyon Country Club; David Major, Del Mar Country Club; Bob Marshall, Sherwood Country Club; Mark Schaer, San Luis Rey Downs; Bruce Williams, Los Angeles Country Club; Reed Yenny, Mesa Verde Country Club
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| ASA/CSSA/SSSA Citation (Crop Science-Like - may be incomplete):
Gelernter, W., and L. J. Stowell. 1998. 1997 turf insect monitoring study. Turfgrass Res. Rep. p. 48-56. |
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