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| Web URL(s): | http://plantscience.psu.edu/research/centers/turf/research/annual-reports/2001ARR.pdf#page=26
Last checked: 10/09/2014
Requires: PDF Reader
Notes: Item is within a single large file |
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| Publication Type:
| Report |
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| Content Type: | Abstract or Summary only |
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| Author(s): | Hamilton, G. W. Jr.;
Huff, D. R.;
Landschoot, P. J.;
Watschke, T. L.;
Knievel, D. P. |
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| Author Affiliation: | Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA |
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| Title: | Environmental factors affecting creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass tolerance to ice coverage |
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| Section: | Cultivar development and soil fumigant evaluations
Other records with the "Cultivar development and soil fumigant evaluations" Section
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| Source: | 2001 Annual Research Report [Penn State]. 2001, p. 23-25. |
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| Publishing Information: | [University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University |
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| # of Pages: | 3 |
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| Keywords: | TIC Keywords: Agrostis stolonifera; Cold resistance; Environmental factors; Evaluations; Ice cover; Poa annua
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| Abstract/Contents: | "Ice damage to golf courses and other high-maintenance sports turfs is a common problem in the northern United States, Canada, and other cool-climate regions. Beard (1964) suggested that ice damage to turf is the result of oxygen depletion or metabolic by-product build-up and toxification (Beard, 1964). Beard's (1996) other theories include other factors such as ice physical properties (i.e., solid vs. porous) and the duration of ice cover. The objectives of this research focused on determining if several factors associated with plant predisposition and ice coverage affected the carbohydrate concentration and survivability of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. The factors evaluated were low irradiance, low oxygen concentrations, plant hardening replenishing the air in the turf-ice interface, selected phases of water (i.e., water, slush), temperature drop rate, and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations. Another objective was to quantify several ice sheet samples removed from golf course putting greens by determining mean grain sizes and bulk densities. In the first experiment, two selections each of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass were subjected to four different irradiance and temperature treatments. Treatments were: greenhouse irradiance (684 μmols m-2 sec-2) at 21/14 C (day/ night temp); florescent/ incandescent lamps (266 μmols m-2 sec-2) at 18/10 C and 10/3 C; and metal halide lamp (114 μmols m-2 sec-1) at 18/10 C. Plants were subjected to treatments for 35 days and then were harvested and separated into crowns and verdure and analyzed for TNC concentration. Creeping bentgrass crown TNC concentrations were not affected by irradiance/ temperature treatments while the annual bluegrass crown concentrations were affected. Creeping bentgrass crowns had significantly higher TNC concentrations than annual bluegrass crowns when exposed to all artificial, low irradiance treatments. The bentgrass verdure TNC concentrations decreased more than annual bluegrass when subjected to reduced irradiance treatments. The second experiment was conducted to determine the effects of low oxygen concentrations on the survival of unhardened creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Both species were exposed to 0, 1, and 3% O2 environments for 35 days in a constant temperature room maintained at 18/10 C (day/ night) with a 16-hr photoperiod at 90 μmols m-2 sec -1 irradiance level. Unhardened creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass both had good survival (> 60%) to all three treatments. Creeping bentgrass (86%) had a significantly higher survival rate compared to annual bluegrass (66%). TNC concentrations of both species wre not significantly affected by oxygen concentrations, although a trend of increased TNC concentrations with decreased oxygen concentrations was observed. The third experiment was conducted to determine the effects of air replenishment of the turf/ ice interface on the survival of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Both species in a hardened and unhardened condition were capped with a 20 mm thick ice layer that created a 20 mm air space between the ice and turf. The two treatments involved daily injections of fresh air into the vented space and no air injections. Plants were maintained in a freezer maintained at -4 C and were removed 30, 60, and 90 days after treatments began. Creeping bentgrass had significantly higher survival rates than annual bluegrass. The percent survival averaged across all three removal times for hardened creeping bentgrass, and hardened annual bluegrass was 87 and 17%, respectively. The reduction of survival when comparing hardened versus unhardened was much greater for creeping bentgrass, dropping from 87% survival for hardened plants to 18% for unhardened plants. There was also a strong postive correlation between survival rate and TNC concentrations. The r2 value was 0.97 for the linear regression for the average of hardened and unhardened plants of TNC concentration versus percent survival over the three removal times. There was also significant differences in percent survival for the air injection treatments. The plants receiving air injections had a lower survival rate (29%) as compared to plants that were not flushed with air (38%). CO2 build up in the non-flushed treatments was also observed. CO2 concentrations averaged 460 ppm and 690 ppm for the flushed and non-flushed treatments, respectively. This study indicated the reduction in survival under ice sheets may be due to a reduction of carbohydrates rather than a decrease in oxygen or increase in CO2 levels. The fourth experiment was conducted to determine the effect of carbohydrate concentration, water phase, and temperature drop on the survival of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Carbohydrates wre reduced by placing plants in low-light environments for two to three weeks prior to the beginning of the experiment. All plants were placed in test tubes in a programmable low-temperature bath. Two treatments of water and slush were put in their respective tubes and an untreated control (air) was also used. Two temperature drop rate treatments were also used, 0.25 degree C hour-1 and 1 degree C hour-1, and temperatures were dropped from -1 to -4 C. Following the temperature drops, the temperature was raised to 4 C, plants were removed from the tubes, and percent survivals determined. Plants in the low-irradiance carbohydrate treatment had significantly lower survival rates than plants in the high-irradiance treatment, 25% and 58% respectively. The slush and water treatments significantly reduced survival as compared to the air treatment. There was no significant difference in plant survival between the two temperature drop rate treatments. Low irradiance, which decreased TNC concentrations, and the presence of water decreased the survivability of unhardened creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass when exposed to subfreezing temperatures. The final experiment was conducted to quantify the mean grain size and bulk densities of ice samples removed from putting greens. The samples were sized, dimensions and weights measured, and bulk densities calculated. Samples were mounted on glass and reduced to thin layer sections with a microtome. Thin layers were exposed to cross-polarized lights and the images recorded. Selected individual grain sizes were outlined and areas determined with Arc-View. Mean grain sizes of the samples were variable and ranged from 1.3 to 7.9 sq mm, but bulk densities were consistent and ranged from 0.79 to 0.85 g cc-1. Although the samples were visually different, their bulk densities were similar. This data indicated that visual differences in ice characteristics (i.e., solid, granular, etc.) do not estimate or relate to the bulk density of the ice, and presumably permeability. These experiments indicated that ice-related damage was affected by carbohydrate concentrations and the presence of water, and species TNC were affected differentially under reduced irradiance. Creeping bentgrass maintained higher crown carbohydrate concentration than annual bluegrass when subjected to low-irradiance or altered irradiance quality (i.e. shade). This would enable creeping bentgrass to have increased carbohydrate reserves at times when irradiance is reduced (e.g., fall and spring). This would also affect carbohydrate reserve build-up created during hardening. Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass appeared to have good tolerance to low-oxygen environments. Although ice has been shown to be impermeable and restricts inward movement of oxygen, reduction or elimination of oxygen in the atmosphere under ice does not appear to be a main factor affecting turfgrass survival." |
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| Language: | English |
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| References: | 0 |
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| Note: | Reprint appears in The Keynoter, 30(2) Fall 2002, p. 8-9
This item is an abstract only! |
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| ASA/CSSA/SSSA Citation (Crop Science-Like - may be incomplete):
Hamilton, G. W. Jr., D. R. Huff, P. J. Landschoot, T. L. Watschke, and D. P. Knievel. 2001. Environmental factors affecting creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass tolerance to ice coverage. Annu. Res. Rep. p. 23-25. |
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| Web URL(s):
http://plantscience.psu.edu/research/centers/turf/research/annual-reports/2001ARR.pdf#page=26
Last checked: 10/09/2014
Requires: PDF Reader
Notes: Item is within a single large file |
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MSU catalog number: SB 433 .A568 |
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