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| Web URL(s): | http://usgatero.msu.edu/v01/n06.pdf
Last checked: 11/2002
Requires: PDF Reader |
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| Publication Type:
| Report |
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| Author(s): | Howard, James H.;
Julian, Shannon E.;
Ferrigan, Jan |
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| Author Affiliation: | Howard: College of Natural Resources and Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA; Julian: USGS-BRD Aquatic Ecology Lab, Leetown Science Center, Kerneysville, WV; and Ferrigan: Invasive Species Program Coordinator, Arlington County Cooperative, Arlington, VA |
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| Title: | Golf course design and maintenance: Impact on amphibians |
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| Source: | USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research Online. Vol. 1, No. 6, May 15 2002, p. [1-23]. |
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| Publishing Information: | Far Hills, NJ: United States Golf Association, Green Section |
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| # of Pages: | 23 |
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| Keywords: | TIC Keywords: Golf course design; Golf courses; Golf courses in the environment; Wildlife; Non-target effects; Pesticides; Growth; Life cycle; Pesticide use; Pesticide persistence; Application rates; Carbaryl; Chlorpyrifos; Imidacloprid
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| Abstract/Contents: | "Golfing as a recreational enterprise has grown dramatically in recent years and has spawned a nation-wide proliferation of new courses. In light of this phenomenon, the industry is facing increased pressure to make development and maintenance of golf course more sensitive to conservation issues. Concurrent with golf course expansion, one of the most alarming revelations in the conservation community in recent years has been the reports of worldwide declines in amphibian populations. Numerous investigators have observed mortality of amphibian larvae in natural populations associated with pesticide application. Increased mortality due to direct or indirect effects of pesticides in successive years may eventually result in loss of entire populations over time. In our laboratory investigations, amphibian species exhibited reduced survival and increased time to metamorphosis with higher concentrations of many pesticides. However, there are very dramatic differences in pesticide toxicity. Many of the most toxic compounds are used during the breeding season and although there are differences among species in sensitivity, all species showed similar patterns of effect. At lower concentrations, mortality is often not the direct effect but rather we observed decreased hatching rates, slower growth rates and longer times to metamorphosis. Over many years, all of these more subtle effects can be more damaging to the persistence of amphibian populations than one large mortality even. Managers should have the date available to apply chemical treatments responsibly to reduce these hazards. That data should include information on the relative toxicity of the compounds, the persistence of those chemicals and the life stage that is most sensitive to treatments. Some compounds appear to penetrate the jelly layers in amphibian eggs more readily than others, or are more toxic and directly impact egg hatching. Some compounds that have little detectable effect on eggs can have dramatic effects on larval growth at low concentrations." |
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| Language: | English |
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| References: | 39 |
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| See Also: | See also similar article "Golf course maintenance: Impact of pesticides on amphibians", Golf Course Maintenance, 71(9) September 2003, p. 94-101 R=90356 R=90356 |
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| See Also: | Other Reports from this USGA research project: 1997-03-106 |
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| Note: | Tables
Pictures, b/w
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Summary as abstract |
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| ASA/CSSA/SSSA Citation (Crop Science-Like - may be incomplete):
Howard, J. H., S. E. Julian, and J. Ferrigan. 2002. Golf course design and maintenance: Impact on amphibians. USGA Turfgrass Environ. Res. Online. 1(6):p. [1-23]. |
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Last checked: 11/2002
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