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| Web URL(s): | http://archive.lib.msu.edu/tic/mitgc/article/199633.pdf
Last checked: 02/20/2009
Requires: PDF Reader |
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| Publication Type:
| Proceedings |
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| Author(s): | Crum, James R. |
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| Author Affiliation: | Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI |
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| Title: | Characterizing soil stability in high sand content soils and mixtures |
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| Meeting Info.: | East Lansing, MI: January 15-18, 1996 |
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| Source: | Proceedings of the 66th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 25, 1996, p. 33-36. |
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| Publishing Information: | East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University |
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| # of Pages: | 4 |
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| Keywords: | TIC Keywords: Physical properties of soil; Porosity; Sand particle size; Golf green construction; Sand shape; USGA recommendations; Sand-based golf greens; Soil mixtures
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| Abstract/Contents: | "Soils are an intergal part of the turfgrass system and the particle-size of that soil (sand) is the most important physical property. Particle-size distribution (texture) influences or controls porosity, bulk density, cation exchange capacity, plant available water-holding capacity, soil strength, and soil stability. Particle-size is the primary property specified within the USGA specifications for putting green construction because of it's influence on soil behavior. These specifications, listed below in table 1, center on not having a large amount of very large particles (VCoS and Gravel) nor a large amount of (<10 VFS, silt and clay) fines, a majority of particles in the medium and coarse sand size range is preferred. This produces a rootzone mixture with a large proportion of macropores that allow for rapid water movement and drainage. Since putting greens constructed on these materials have a low plant available water holding capacity, the different materials (rootzone, intermediate, and gravel) are stratified, or layed, to increase the ability of the sandy rootzone to hold plant available water. The uniformity of the soil and distribution of grain size among the different particle size classes dictate the porosity and soil stability (Adams et. al, 1985; Baker, 1983' Gibbs et. al, 1989). Sands that are uniform (tending to one or few 'adjacent' size classes) lack the right amounts and sizes of particles that will fit together (Smaller particles fitting into void space of the larger particles) and provide stability against movement. We have tried to explain the stability problem with uniform sands as being similiar to tossing round marbles on the floor and then trying to walk on them. Being rounded and of similiar size leads to an unstable footing. If the marbles were broken (angular) and of different sizes they would fit, or lock, together and produce a more stable surface. Sands complying with USGA specifications do not necessarily produce a stable surface. Sand particle shape has also been included and discussed in the USGA specifications primarily because of the stability, or lack of, associated with shape. Rounded particles are the least stable and very angular particles are the most stable because of the differences in friction resistance associated with those shapes. Although, in topdressing applications angular particles can be extremely abrasive to the turfgrass and cause considerable physiological stress. Rounded particles are less abrasive but are also less stable. One of the struggles of the turfgrass manager is to obtain the sand material with the optimum characteristics. Products have developed and added to soil in an attempt to increase stability (Adams et. al, 1989; Beard et. al, 1988; Gibbs, 1990). Meshed products and many kinds of fibers have been added with what I think is limited effectiveness. Root systems (Reid et. al, 1982) of the turfgrass plant (if there is one) behave in this way and act somewhat like reinforcing rod in concrete to increase strength. In fact, many types of fibers have been added to concrete to increase strength with some success. The objective of this research was to characterize commonly used sands and mixtures using routine soil mechanics procedures. Conventional labatory testing was used to measure frictional resistance and geotechnical modeling was used to predict behavior of the sands in this study." |
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| Language: | English |
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| References: | 9 |
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| Note: | Tables
Figures |
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| ASA/CSSA/SSSA Citation (Crop Science-Like - may be incomplete):
Crum, J. R. 1996. Characterizing soil stability in high sand content soils and mixtures. p. 33-36. In Proceedings of the 66th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. East Lansing, MI: January 15-18, 1996. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. |
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| Web URL(s):
http://archive.lib.msu.edu/tic/mitgc/article/199633.pdf
Last checked: 02/20/2009
Requires: PDF Reader |
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MSU catalog number: SB 433 .A1 M47 |
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